GEOMETRY
There are three main things that are actually of lasting interest mathematically about this kind of basic proof in geometry. All three are of course never even mentioned in school.
Number one the first proof ever in mathematics why the square root of two is not a rational number.
Number two the fact that you cannot trisect an angle using a compass and a ruler which was only proved this century.
And the most important goedels theorem. Which is a theorem that shows it may be impossible to formalize an axiomatic system. Which means maybe not everything can be “ perfectly” proved in the sense of a Turing machine. The school books and the teachers do not really understand that and they go into way too much detail trying to formalize.